Beyond the Tower Footnotes

1. 2025 industry outlook: Media & communications trends - Slalom, 2026, https://www.slalom.com/us/en/insights/media-communications-outlook-2025 

2. 2025 Digital Media Trends: Social platforms are becoming a dominant force in media and entertainment - Deloitte, https://www.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/industry/technology/digital-media-trends-consumption-habits-survey/2025.html 

3. How GEO is Evolving to Secure its Place in the Multi-Orbit Puzzle | September 2025, https://interactive.satellitetoday.com/via/september-2025/how-geo-is-evolving-to-secure-its-place-in-the-multi-orbit-puzzle 

4. The trends shaping broadcast and media production in 2026 - NCS | NewscastStudio, https://www.newscaststudio.com/2025/12/20/broadcast-media-industry-trends-2026/ 

5. The State of Satellite Connectivity (2025) - S&P Global, https://www.spglobal.com/market-intelligence/en/news-insights/research/2025/11/the-state-of-satellite-connectivity-2025 

6. Starlink, Viasat & HughesNet: LEO vs GEO for Telco Growth, https://telcomagazine.com/news/starlink-viasat-hughesnet-leo-vs-geo-for-telco-growth 

7. Low Earth Orbit Satellites: Potential to Address the Broadband Digital Divide | Congress.gov, https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R46896 

8. https://www.viasat.com/content/dam/us-site/legal/documents/Unlimited_Data_Policy_v17.pdf

9. The State of Satellite Connectivity (2025) - S&P Global, https://www.spglobal.com/market-intelligence/en/news-insights/research/2025/11/the-state-of-satellite-connectivity-2025 

10. Satellite direct-to-device technology needs to evolve through four phases before reaching its full potential - Analysys Mason, https://www.analysysmason.com/research/content/articles/satellite-d2d-phases-nsi039/ 

11. EUSPA EO and GNSS Market Report - EU Agency for the Space Programme - European Union, https://www.euspa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2024-03/euspa_market_report_2024.pdf 

12. 7 top satcom trends to watch in 2026 - ET Edge Insights, https://etedge-insights.com/technology/iot/7-top-satcom-trends-to-watch-in-2026/ 

13. A regenerative payload is a system on the satellite that re-amplifies and sometimes enhances the quality of the received signal before re-transmitting it to the ground station.

14. GNSS Market Size, Share, Growth | Industry Report [2025-2032] - Fortune Business Insights, https://www.fortunebusinessinsights.com/global-navigation-satellite-system-gnss-market-103433 

15. TMF White Paper on Satellite D2D_March 2025 - Wireless Infrastructure Association, https://wia.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/TMF-White-Paper-on-Satellite-D2D_May-2025.pdf 

16. Timeline | Iridium Museum, https://www.iridiummuseum.com/timeline/ 

17. The Iridium Satellite Network | Telsoc, https://telsoc.org/journal/jtde-v10-n1/a557 

18. Network - Iridium Satellite Communications, https://www.iridium.com/network 

19. Iridium satellite constellation - Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium_satellite_constellation 

20. https://www.iridiummuseum.com/timeline/ 

21. The Rise and Fall and Rise of Iridium - Smithsonian Magazine, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/air-space-magazine/the-rise-and-fall-and-rise-of-iridium-5615034/ 

22. No Business Plan Survives First Contact With A Customer – The 5.2 billion dollar mistake. - Steve Blank, https://steveblank.com/2010/11/01/no-business-plan-survives-first-contact-with-a-customer-%E2%80%93-the-5-2-billion-dollar-mistake/ 

23. The Rise and Fall and Rise of Iridium - Smithsonian Magazine, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/air-space-magazine/the-rise-and-fall-and-rise-of-iridium-5615034/ 

24. Iridium's house of cards: An analysis - W. P. Carey News, https://news.wpcarey.asu.edu/20050506-iridiums-house-cards-analysis 

25. Iridium Satellite Communications - Press Releases, https://investor.iridium.com/10-23-2013-us-department-of-defense-awards-iridium-contract-for-gateway-support-and-maintenance 

26. The Black Investors Who Helped Save Iridium, https://www.iridium.com/blog/black-history-month-investors/ 

27. An Iridium Story of Never Say Die - Satnews Publishers: Daily Satellite News, http://www.satnews.com/cgi-bin/story.cgi?number=309555710 

28. A Comparative Analysis of the Iridium and Globalstar Satellite Transmission Paths - DTIC, https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA361712 

29. Iridium vs Globalstar vs ICO Satellite Constellations: A Comparison | RF Wireless World, https://www.rfwireless-world.com/terminology/iridium-vs-globalstar-vs-ico-satellite 

30. https://www.globalstar.com/en-us/coverage-mapsillustrates the Globalstar coverage for various products.

31. Update-on-5G-Non-terrestrial-Networks-Id.pdf, https://www.5gamericas.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Update-on-5G-Non-terrestrial-Networks-Id.pdf 

32. Detailed Analysis of Apple–GlobalStar Satellite Partnership : r/GSAT - Reddit, https://www.reddit.com/r/GSAT/comments/1ipf57m/detailed_analysis_of_appleglobalstar_satellite/ 

33. Apple Expands Globalstar Relationship to Support Growing Satellite Services - MacRumors, https://www.macrumors.com/2024/11/01/apple-globalstar-satellite-agreement/ 

34. Form 424B3 for Globalstar INC filed 02/29/2024, https://investors.globalstar.com/static-files/abc4cd8f-aec9-4377-b38b-7f299d1b94c2 

35. gsat-20241029 - SEC.gov, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1366868/000136686824000105/gsat-20241029.htm 

36. Detailed Analysis of GlobalStar's Terrestrial Businesses : r/GSAT - Reddit, https://www.reddit.com/r/GSAT/comments/1iq4769/detailed_analysis_of_globalstars_terrestrial/ 

37. Designing Efficient Satellite Links: A Review of the Link Budget Analysis - Qorvo, https://www.qorvo.com/design-hub/blog/designing-efficient-satellite-links-a-review-of-the-link-budget-analysis 

38. iOS 18 Satellites : r/amateurradio - Reddit, https://www.reddit.com/r/amateurradio/comments/1fkw7k8/ios_18_satellites/ 

39. iPhone 14 satellite features powered by Qualcomm modem - 9to5Mac, https://9to5mac.com/2022/09/18/iphone-14-satellite-connectivity-qualcomm/

40. About Messages via satellite on your iPhone - Apple Support, https://support.apple.com/en-us/120930 

41. https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/amazon-signs-1157-billion-deal-satellite-firm-globalstar-challenge-starlink-2026-04-14/ 

42. Overview of IRIDIUM satellite network - IEEE Xplore, https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel2/3501/10332/00485428.pdf 

43. Use Emergency SOS via satellite on your iPhone - Apple Support, https://support.apple.com/en-us/101573

44. Using 3GPP technology for satellite communication - Ericsson, https://www.ericsson.com/en/reports-and-papers/ericsson-technology-review/articles/3gpp-satellite-communication 

45. Russia restricts FaceTime in latest step to control online communications | PBS News, https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/russia-restricts-facetime-in-latest-step-to-control-online-communications 

46. DO NOT bring any SAT coms with you to India! My experience : r/Mountaineering - Reddit, https://www.reddit.com/r/Mountaineering/comments/1i2hl7m/do_not_bring_any_sat_coms_with_you_to_india_my/ 

47. November 18, 2024 To, Telecom Regulatory Authority of India Advisor (Networks, Spectrum and Licensing) advmn@trai.gov.in Attent, https://www.trai.gov.in/sites/default/files/2024-11/Globalstar_20112024.pdf 

48. EchoStar Announces Spectrum Sale and Commercial Agreement with SpaceX, https://ir.echostar.com/news-releases/news-release-details/echostar-announces-spectrum-sale-and-commercial-agreement-spacex 

49. AST SpaceMobile Announces Successful Orbital Launch of BlueBird 6, the Largest Commercial Communications Array Ever Deployed in Low Earth Orbit, https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20251222922862/en/AST-SpaceMobile-Announces-Successful-Orbital-Launch-of-BlueBird-6-the-Largest-Commercial-Communications-Array-Ever-Deployed-in-Low-Earth-Orbit 

50. FCC Advances Supplemental Coverage from Space Framework, https://www.fcc.gov/document/fcc-advances-supplemental-coverage-space-framework-0 

51. Lynk Global - Ofcom, https://www.ofcom.org.uk/siteassets/resources/documents/consultations/category-2-6-weeks/call-for-input-improving-mobile-connectivity-from-the-sky-and-space/responses/lynk-global.pdf?v=381943 

52. FCC's “Supplemental Coverage from Space” Rules Take Effect May 30; New Licensing Framework Expands Satellite-to-Smartphone Coverage | Inside Global Tech, https://www.insideglobaltech.com/2024/04/30/fcc-acts-to-expand-satellite-to-smartphone-coverage-supplemental-coverage-from-space-rules-will-enable-partnerships-between-satellite-operators-and-wireless-network-providers-in-the/ 

53. Lynk, Omnispace Announce Merger to Expand Global Direct-to-Device Connectivity, https://www.govconwire.com/articles/lynk-omnispace-merger-direct-to-device 

54. Credit SpaceX

55. A First Look into Starlink's Direct Satellite-to-Device Radio Access Network through Crowdsourced Measurements - arXiv, https://arxiv.org/html/2506.00283v7 

56. https://www.space.com/spacex-starlink-satellites.html 

57. https://www.telecomtv.com/content/access-evolution/mwc26-starlink-preps-new-d2d-constellation-54977/ 

58. Could Starlink Replace Your Cellphone Carrier with direct-to-device and EchoStar spectrum?, https://tecknexus.com/could-starlink-replace-your-cellphone-carrier-with-direct-to-device-and-ecostar-spectrum/ 

59. EchoStar Announces Spectrum Sale and Commercial Agreement with SpaceX, https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/echostar-announces-spectrum-sale-and-commercial-agreement-with-spacex-302548650.html 

60. T-Mobile and Starlink Satellite Service to Officially Launch July 23 - Broadband Breakfast, https://broadbandbreakfast.com/t-mobile-and-starlink-satellite-service-to-officially-launch-july-23/ 

61. Starlink announces 8M active customers (and 8M+ direct-to-cell users) : r/spacex - Reddit, https://www.reddit.com/r/spacex/comments/1opugru/starlink_announces_8m_active_customers_and_8m/ 

62. https://www.pcmag.com/news/t-mobile-ceo-pretty-much-no-one-buys-satellite-standalone? 

63. SpaceX's Cellular Starlink Hits 17Mbps Download Speed to Android Phone | PCMag, https://www.pcmag.com/news/spacexs-cellular-starlink-hits-17mbps-download-speed-to-android-phone 

64. SIZE MATTERS - Comparing Size of AST BlueBirds Phased Arrays to Other D2D Providers : r/ASTSpaceMobile - Reddit, https://www.reddit.com/r/ASTSpaceMobile/comments/1fjqf1b/size_matters_comparing_size_of_ast_bluebirds/ 

65. BlueBird 6 Orbital Deployment Validates Direct-to-Device Capacity - SatNews, https://news.satnews.com/2025/12/29/bluebird-6-orbital-deployment-validates-direct-to-device-capacity/ 

66. Verizon and AST SpaceMobile Direct-to-Cell Deal for 2026, https://tecknexus.com/verizon-and-ast-spacemobile-direct-to-cell-deal-for-2026/ 

67. AST SpaceMobile Provides Business Update and Third Quarter 2025 Results - Morningstar, https://www.morningstar.com/news/business-wire/20251110832696/ast-spacemobile-provides-business-update-and-third-quarter-2025-results 

68. The Sky's No Limit: AT&T's Satellite Successes and What's Next, https://about.att.com/blogs/2025/att-satellite-successes.html 

69. AT&T, AST SpaceMobile Advance Satellite-to-Cell Expansion Following BlueBird 6 Deployment, https://news.satnews.com/2026/01/01/att-ast-spacemobile-advance-satellite-to-cell-expansion-following-bluebird-6-deployment/ 

70. ibid

71. Vodafone and AST SpaceMobile Announce New EU Satellite Constellation and Select Germany for European Sovereign Satellite Operations Centre, https://www.vodafone.com/news/newsroom/technology/vodafone-ast-space-mobile-announce-european-sovereign-satellite-operations-centre 

72. Lynk Global misses third stock listing deadline - Mobile World Live, https://www.mobileworldlive.com/lynk-global/lynk-global-misses-third-stock-listing-deadline/ 

73. Lynk and Omnispace Announce Plans to Merge to Deliver Next-Generation Global Direct-to-Device (D2D) Connectivity, https://omnispace.com/lynk-and-omnispace-announce-plans-to-merge-to-deliver/ 

74. SES and Lynk Global Announce Strategic Partnership for Direct-to-Device (D2D) Services, https://live.euronext.com/en/products/equities/company-news/2025-03-10-ses-and-lynk-global-announce-strategic-partnership-direct 

75. Amazon Leo - Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Leo 

76. Amazon Leo debuts new gigabit-speed 'Ultra' antenna, begins enterprise preview, https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/amazon-leo/amazon-leo-satellite-internet-ultra-pro 

77. https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/amazon-signs-1157-billion-deal-satellite-firm-globalstar-challenge-starlink-2026-04-14/ 

78. Amazon: 'D2D offerings are in development' - Light Reading, https://www.lightreading.com/satellite/amazon-d2d-offerings-are-in-development- 

79. Satellite communication takes leap into future - China Daily, https://www.chinadailyhk.com/hk/article/622005 

80. China Telecom kicks off international expansion of direct-to-phone satellite service, https://www.telecoms.com/satellite/china-telecom-kicks-off-international-expansion-of-direct-to-phone-satellite-service 

81. 2025 in review: D2D rolls out - Light Reading, https://www.lightreading.com/satellite/2025-in-review-d2d-rolls-out 

82. https://www.reddit.com/r/SpaceXLounge/comments/1hqdblr/pulling_away_with_it_an_infographic_showing/ 

83. https://space-economy.esa.int/article/296/eurospace-publishes-the-2025-update-of-its-facts-figures-statistical-series 

84. https://www.reddit.com/r/spacex/comments/1n3j5xe/spacex_vs_rest_of_world_2025_ytd/ 

85. https://satnews.com/2025/04/02/bryce-tech-publishes-their-smallsats-by-the-numbers-2025-report/ 

86. https://spaceeconomyinstitute.com/2026/01/15/record-launches-in-2025-as-spacex-prepares-a-heavy-turning-point/ 

87. https://spaceeconomyinstitute.com/2026/01/15/record-launches-in-2025-as-spacex-prepares-a-heavy-turning-point/ 

88. https://www.reddit.com/r/spacex/comments/1n3j5xe/spacex_vs_rest_of_world_2025_ytd/ 

89. https://spaceeconomyinstitute.com/2026/01/15/record-launches-in-2025-as-spacex-prepares-a-heavy-turning-point/ 

90. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/15/is-spacexs-latest-starship-launch-a-great-stride-in-space-key-takeaways 

91. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202512/1351594.shtml 

92. https://www.cfpublic.org/space/2025-11-13/new-glenn-launches-successfully-lands-booster-and-sends-probes-to-mars 

93. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_Glenn_launches 

94. https://nova.space/press-release/novaspace-projects-665b-in-satellite-build-and-launch-activity/ 

95. ibid

96. SpaceX’s proposed constellation dedicated to military use.

97. https://breakingdefense.com/2025/10/defense-to-anchor-exploding-satellite-market-over-next-decade-novaspace/ 

98. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_Glenn_launches 

99. https://octagonai.co/markets/companies/elon-musk/starship-launches-humans-to-mars-before-2030/ 

100. https://nova.space/press-release/novaspace-projects-665b-in-satellite-build-and-launch-activity/ 

101. https://www.universetoday.com/articles/if-we-launch-ten-times-more-rockets-well-start-damaging-the-ozone-layer 

102. https://octagonai.co/markets/companies/elon-musk/starship-launches-humans-to-mars-before-2030/ 

103. https://www.amazon.co.uk/Innovators-Dilemma-New-Foreword-Technologies/dp/1647826764/

104. https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/sia-state-of-satellite-industry-is-positive/

105.  https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/affordability-and-productivity-drive-historic-satellite-industry-growth-satellite-industry-association-releases-the-29th-annual-state-of-the-satellite-industry-report-1036151114 

106. https://www.spacefoundation.org/2025/07/22/the-space-report-2025-q2/ 

107. https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/affordability-and-productivity-drive-historic-satellite-industry-growth-satellite-industry-association-releases-the-29th-annual-state-of-the-satellite-industry-report-1036151114 

108. Satellite Internet Market Size to Surpass USD 37.64 Bn by 2034 - Precedence Research, https://www.precedenceresearch.com/satellite-internet-market 

109. https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/affordability-and-productivity-drive-historic-satellite-industry-growth-satellite-industry-association-releases-the-29th-annual-state-of-the-satellite-industry-report-1036151114 

110. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1181412/000162828026036936/spaceexplorationtechnologi.htm 

111. https://www.pcmag.com/news/spacex-ipo-filing-offers-first-glimpse-at-subscriber-numbers-financials 

112. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1181412/000162828026036936/spaceexplorationtechnologi.htm

113. The State of Satellite Connectivity (2025) - S&P Global, https://www.spglobal.com/market-intelligence/en/news-insights/research/2025/11/the-state-of-satellite-connectivity-2025 

114. https://www.pcmag.com/news/spacex-ipo-filing-offers-first-glimpse-at-subscriber-numbers-financials

115. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1181412/000162828026036936/spaceexplorationtechnologi.htm

116.  https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1181412/000162828026036936/spaceexplorationtechnologi.htm

117. https://www.pcmag.com/news/starlink-rival-hughesnet-loses-over-half-of-its-satellite-subscribers 

118. https://markets.ft.com/data/announce/detail?dockey=600-202603020630PR_NEWS_USPRX____LA98579-1 

119. Hughesnet Best Satellite ISP of 2024 - Hughes Network Systems, https://www.hughes.com/resources/press-releases/hughesnet-recognized-best-satellite-internet-service-provider-2024-us-news 

120. https://www.ookla.com/articles/2025-global-satellite-broadband-performance-report 

121. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Leo 

122. https://www.ookla.com/articles/2025-global-satellite-broadband-performance-report

123. Leo-1 (KA-01) Mission (Atlas V) - RocketLaunch.Live, https://www.rocketlaunch.live/launch/project-kuiper-1 

124. High-performance multi-orbit satellite communications operator - Eutelsat, https://www.eutelsat.com/group/about-eutelsat 

125. Eutelsat Communications: First Quarter 2025-26 Revenues - Business Wire, https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20251021850584/en/Eutelsat-Communications-First-Quarter-2025-26-Revenues 

126. Direct to Satellite Market Size, Share and Forecast, 2025-2032 - Coherent Market Insights, https://www.coherentmarketinsights.com/industry-reports/direct-to-satellite-market, https://www.marketsandmarketsblog.com/direct-to-device-d2d-market-size-growth-forecast-key-players-trends-satellite-connectivity-and-adoption-across-consumer-enterprise-and-iot-sectors.html

127. https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/maritime-satellite-communication-market 

128. https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/4591788/maritime-satellite-communication-market-share 

129. Satcom at Sea: Competition, the Cloud and the Connected Ship - Kratos Space, https://www.kratosspace.com/constellations/articles/satcom-at-sea-competition-the-cloud-and-the-connected-ship 

130. https://ast-networks.com/insights/blog/maritime-internet-access/

131. https://starlink.com/public-files/starlinkProgressReport_2025.pdf

132. https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/connected-ship-market 

133. https://nova.space/press-release/the-starlink-effect-ngso-services-to-dominate-maritime-satellite-communications-market/ 

134. Maritime Satellite Communication Market - Size, Share & Industry Analysis 2030, https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/maritime-satellite-communication-market 

135. The Future of Maritime Connectivity: Headline Statistics From 2024 | Valour Consultancy, https://valourconsultancy.com/the-future-of-maritime-connectivity-headline-statistics-from-2024/ 

136. Maritime Connectivity Tracker Update – February 2024 | Valour Consultancy, https://valourconsultancy.com/maritime-connectivity-tracker-update-february-2024/ 

137. Novaspace's Prospects for Maritime Satellite Communication reveals the market share of Non-Geostationary Orbit solutions - SatNews, https://news.satnews.com/2024/07/18/novaspaces-prospects-for-maritime-satellite-communication-reveals-the-market-share-of-non-geostationary-orbit-solutions/ 

138. In https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/in-flight-entertainment-and-connectivity-market 

139. Satellite Industry Experts Forecast In-Flight Connectivity Demand to Soar - Novaspace, https://nova.space/press-release/satellite-industry-experts-forecast-in-flight-connectivity-demand-to-soar/ 

140. https://www.aircraftinteriorsinternational.com/industry-opinion/with-so-many-orders-for-inflight-connectivity-ifc-systems-announced-it-would-be-easy-to-conclude-the-market-is-reaching-maturity-and-there-may-not-be-much-business-left-to-win-however-resear

141. IFEC Tracker Update - Q3 2024 - Valour Consultancy, https://valourconsultancy.com/ifec-tracker-update-q3-2024/ 

142. https://nova.space/press-release/satellite-industry-experts-forecast-in-flight-connectivity-demand-to-soar/ 

143. Viasat loses subs, but gains aircraft/maritime connections | Advanced Television, https://www.advanced-television.com/2024/08/08/viasat-loses-subs-but-gains-aircraft-maritime-connections/ 

144. Eutelsat touts LEO aero backlog, addresses Starlink factor - Space Watch Africa, https://spacewatchafrica.com/eutelsat-touts-leo-aero-backlog-addresses-starlink-factor/, https://spaceexplored.com/starlink-airlines-list/ 

145. Purpose-built to deliver unparalleled performance. - Aviation International News, https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/business-aviation/2024-08-01/purpose-built-deliver-unparalleled-performance 

146. https://innospace-masters.de/satellite-direct-to-phone-service-everywhere-on-the-planet/ 

147. Satellite IoT Terminal Market Research Report 2033 - Dataintelo, https://dataintelo.com/report/satellite-iot-terminal-market 

148. The global satellite IoT subscriber base to reach 32.5 million by 2029 - Berg Insight, https://www.berginsight.com/the-global-satellite-iot-subscriber-base-to-reach-325-million-by-2029 

149. Iridium Announces Record Third-Quarter 2024 Results; Improves 2024 OEBITDA Outlook, https://investor.iridium.com/2024-10-17-Iridium-Announces-Record-Third-Quarter-2024-Results-Improves-2024-OEBITDA-Outlook 

150. Globalstar Outlines Growth Strategy and Financial Outlook at Investor Day, https://investors.globalstar.com/news-releases/news-release-details/globalstar-outlines-growth-strategy-and-financial-outlook/ 

151. https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/6177148/satellite-data-service-agriculture-market-report 

152. https://starlink.com/business/case-studies/john-deere

153. The Satellite IoT Market: A Case of Dual Momentum, https://satellitemarkets.com/market-trends/satellite-iot-market-case-dual-momentum 

154. https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/iot-in-transportation-market 

155. https://www.clarus-networks.com/2025/02/04/starlink-mini-pioneering-a-new-era-in-transport-and-logistics-connectivity/

156. Satellite IoT Market Size & Strategic Opportunities 2032, https://www.congruencemarketinsights.com/report/satellite-iot-market 

157. 52. Satellite Communications For Public Safety Market Research Report 2033 - Dataintelo, https://dataintelo.com/report/satellite-communications-for-public-safety-market 

158. https://www.globalmarketstatistics.com/market-reports/satellite-broadband-communication-in-public-safety-market-13760 

159. FirstNet Envisions Satellite Connectivity Trials Later This Year - AT&T Newsroom, https://about.att.com/story/2025/firstnet-satellite-connectivity.html 

160. https://uk.finance.yahoo.com/news/military-satellites-business-report-2026-103100437.html 

161. Space Force Forecasts Big Boost in Commercial SATCOM, https://www.airandspaceforces.com/space-force-forecase-commercial-satcom-2025/ 

162. VSAT Market By Application (Telecommunications, Energy & Utilities, Government & Defense, Maritime, Enterprise & Corporate Networks), https://www.strategicmarketresearch.com/market-report/vsat-market 

163. https://adaptis.com/en/blogs/all/ew-vs-starlink-how-to-restore-connection 

164. Space Cloud Computing Market Size to Hit USD 24.94 Bn by 2035 - Cervicorn Consulting, https://www.cervicornconsulting.com/space-cloud-computing-market 

165. https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/climate-energy/why-does-elon-musk-want-put-ai-data-centers-space-2026-01-29/ 

166. https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2026-02-10/what-to-know-about-elon-musks-merger-of-spacex-with-his-ai-company 

167. https://spacenews.com/spacex-files-plans-for-million-satellite-orbital-data-center-constellation/ 

168. Space-Based Quantum Key Distribution: A Deep Dive Into QKD's Market Map And Competitive Landscape, https://thequantuminsider.com/2025/03/05/space-based-quantum-key-distribution-a-deep-dive-into-qkds-market-map-and-competitive-landscape/ 

169. QKD in 2025: Innovations, Challenges, and the Path to Adoption - Juniper Research, https://www.juniperresearch.com/resources/blog/qkd-in-2025-innovations-challenges-and-the-path-to-adoption/ 

170. ITU RADIO REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR SPACE SERVICES, https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-R/space/snl/Documents/ITU-Space_reg.pdf 

171. Harmful Interference (HI) - UNOOSA, https://www.unoosa.org/pdf/icg/2015/presentations/43.pdf 

172. New satellite D2D-IMT benchmark published - PolicyTracker: spectrum management news, research and training, https://www.policytracker.com/blog/new-satellite-d2d-imt-benchmark-published/ 

173. Satellite connectivity - ITU, https://www.itu.int/en/itunews/Documents/2023/2023-04/2023_ITUNews04-en.pdf 

174. CONSIDERATIONS FOR DIRECT-TO-DEVICE SATELLITE TECHNOLOGY, https://www.mss-association.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Considerations-for-Direct-to-Device-Satellite-Technology-4-Sept-2024.pdf 

175. FM44(24)025 - CEPT.org, https://cept.org/documents/fm-44/84069/fm44-24-025_proposals-for-draft-ecc-report-on-d2c_accces 

176. Coordination and Notification - ITU, https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-R/seminars/wrs/2020/Plenary%20Sessions%20%20Presentations/02.%20Space%20Services%20-%201%20to%203%20Dec%202020/Coordination%20and%20Notification.pdf 

177. https://sdup.esoc.esa.int/discosweb/statistics/

178. Orbital ambitions: LEO satellite constellations and strategic competition, https://www.iiss.org/online-analysis/six-analytic-blog/2025/05/orbital-ambitions-leo-satellite-constellations-and-strategic-competition/ 

179. The future of the ITU WRC cycle: Keeping pace with technological progress, https://accesspartnership.com/opinion/future-of-itu-wrc-cycle/ 

180. https://spacenews.com/china-files-itu-paperwork-for-megaconstellations-totaling-nearly-200000-satellites 

181. Direct-to-device satellite services in the Americas and in Europe - Cullen International, https://www.cullen-international.com/news/2025/10/Direct-to-device-satellite-services-in-the-Americas-and-in-Europe.html 

182. use cases - 6G-NTN, https://www.6g-ntn.eu/wp-content/uploads/sites/94/2024/06/6G-NTN-Scientific-Poster.pdf 

183. 1 5G & Non-Terrestrial Networks | February 2022, https://www.5gamericas.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/5G-Non-Terrestrial-Networks-2022-WP-Id.pdf 

184. Unpacking the PFD Debate: What It Means for SpaceX and the Direct-to-Device Satellite Industry - Frank Rayal, https://frankrayal.com/2024/10/30/unpacking-the-pfd-debate-what-it-means-for-spacex-and-the-direct-to-device-satellite-industry/ 

185. https://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/DA-25-197A1.pdf 

186. FCC Advances Supplemental Coverage from Space Framework, https://www.fcc.gov/document/fcc-advances-supplemental-coverage-space-framework-0 

187. FCC's “Supplemental Coverage from Space” Rules Take Effect May 30; New Licensing Framework Expands Satellite-to-Smartphone Coverage | Inside Global Tech, https://www.insideglobaltech.com/2024/04/30/fcc-acts-to-expand-satellite-to-smartphone-coverage-supplemental-coverage-from-space-rules-will-enable-partnerships-between-satellite-operators-and-wireless-network-providers-in-the/ 

188. Starlink Spectrum Wars: Examining the FCC's Role in Regulating the New Space Age, https://legaljournal.princeton.edu/starlink-spectrum-wars-examining-the-fccs-role-in-regulating-the-new-space-age/ 

189. https://spacenews.com/china-promotes-direct-to-device-satellite-services-with-new-guidelines-and-licensing/ 

190. EUROPEAN COMMISSION The objective of this Mandate is to study feasibility and develop harmonised technical conditions for the us - CEPT.org, https://cept.org/files/1412/ECC(25)059_Annex1_Mandate%20to%20the%20CEPT%20on%20D2D-IMT%20in%20EU-harmonised%20ECS%20bands.pdf 

191. Direct-to-Device Satellite Communications in the European Union: Spectrum Allocation and Regulatory Pathways Within the ITU Framework - IEEE Xplore, https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel8/6287639/10820123/11222397.pdf 

192. FM44(24)029 - CEPT.org, https://cept.org/documents/fm-44/84079/fm44-24-029_proposals-for-the-draft-ecc-report-on-d2c_france 

193. Satellite direct-to-device services | Digital Regulation Platform, https://digitalregulation.org/satellite-direct-to-device-services/ 

194. Starlink's India launch is a crash course on New Delhi's approach to tech sovereignty, https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/starlinks-india-launch-is-a-crash-course-on-new-delhis-approach-to-tech-sovereignty/ 

195. SpaceX Closes Rare Acquisition Of Component Manufacturer - Payload Space, https://payloadspace.com/spacex-closes-rare-acquisition-of-component-manufacturer/ 

196. SpaceX pays $17 billion to acquire spectrum licenses from EchoStar | PBS News, https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/spacex-pays-17-billion-to-acquire-spectrum-licenses-from-echostar 

197. AST SpaceMobile: Transforming How the World Connects | Hennessy Funds, https://www.hennessyfunds.com/insights/company-spotlight-focus-fund-ast-space-mobile 

198. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1181412/000162828026036936/spaceexplorationtechnologi.htm

199. Form 8-K for Globalstar INC filed 09/06/2022, https://investors.globalstar.com/static-files/baf12761-dd03-4c87-b066-043a82f8e8ed 

200. Globalstar Briefs FCC on $1B C-3 Network, Readies Legal Challenge to SpaceX - SatNews, https://news.satnews.com/2026/01/01/globalstar-briefs-fcc-on-1b-c-3-network-readies-legal-challenge-to-spacex/ 

201. Omni Space | PDF | Communications Satellite | Radio Spectrum - Scribd, https://www.scribd.com/document/682937503/Omni-Space, https://spacenews.com/china-promotes-direct-to-device-satellite-services-with-new-guidelines-and-licensing/ 

202. Globalstar Opposed to Other Satellite Operators in 1.6 GHz, https://broadbandbreakfast.com/globalstar-opposed-to-other-satellite-operators-in-1-6-ghz/ 

203. https://www.newscientist.com/article/2511484-china-has-applied-to-launch-200000-satellites-but-what-are-they-for/ 

204. https://sdup.esoc.esa.int/discosweb/statistics/ 

205. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1181412/000162828026036936/spaceexplorationtechnologi.htm 

206. https://spacenews.com/china-caps-record-year-for-orbital-launches-with-tianhui-7-and-shijian-29-technology-test-missions/

207. China's satellite internet race vs. Starlink - Sinolytics, https://sinolytics.de/global-business-news/blog/technology/china-satellite-internet/ 

208. https://fccprod.servicenowservices.com/icfs?id=ibfs_application_summary&number=SAT-LOA-20260108-00016 

209. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/spacex-orbital-data-centers-prospect-one-million-ai-carlos-placido-tty1f/

210. https://www.skylinker.io/p/starship-11-a-step-towards-a-new-era-of-starlink-v3-eng 

211. https://www.cargoson.com/en/blog/number-of-data-centers-by-country 

212. Brazilian Regulations Use of Orbit and Space Sustainability - UNOOSA, https://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/lsc/2025/Technical_Presentations/Wednesday7May/4_-_Brazil_1-20250425-64LSC-UNOOSA-Brazils-Law_-_no_UNOOSA_logo.pdf 

213. https://outerspaceinstitute.ca/osisite/wp-content/uploads/One-million-paper-satellites-Accepted-Version-.pdf 

214. https://space-inventor.com/satellites/16-u-geo-for-biu 

215. https://www.ofcom.org.uk/spectrum/space-and-satellites/updates-to-procedures-for-the-management-of-satellite-filings 

216. https://www.kratosspace.com/constellations/articles/fcc-and-wrc-regulatory-impacts-on-the-satellite-industry

217. https://www.itu.int/en/mediacentre/backgrounders/Pages/how-is-itu-funded.aspx 

218. And assuming these satellites are using directional antennas so they can hugely attenuate the signals from handsets not within their beam.

219. The role of space power in geopolitical competition - Council on Geostrategy, https://www.geostrategy.org.uk/research/the-role-of-space-power-in-geopolitical-competition/ 

220. Satellite communication constellations | Epthinktank | European Parliament, https://epthinktank.eu/2025/09/30/satellites-state-of-play-and-challenges-for-the-eu/satellite-communication-constellations/ 

221. Orbital ambitions: LEO satellite constellations and strategic competition, https://www.iiss.org/online-analysis/six-analytic-blog/2025/05/orbital-ambitions-leo-satellite-constellations-and-strategic-competition/ 

222. T-Mobile and Starlink Satellite Service to Officially Launch July 23 - Broadband Breakfast, https://broadbandbreakfast.com/t-mobile-and-starlink-satellite-service-to-officially-launch-july-23/ 

223. ibid

224. AT&T, AST SpaceMobile Advance Satellite-to-Cell Expansion Following BlueBird 6 Deployment, https://news.satnews.com/2026/01/01/att-ast-spacemobile-advance-satellite-to-cell-expansion-following-bluebird-6-deployment/ 

225. AST SpaceMobile's Lofty Valuation: Should Investors Stay Cautious?, https://www.tradingview.com/news/zacks:8df119518094b:0-ast-spacemobile-s-lofty-valuation-should-investors-stay-cautious/ 

226. Amazon Rebrands to Leo, Shifts Satellite Strategy - Tech Research Online, https://techresearchonline.com/news/amazon-rebrands-kuiper-as-leo-to-prioritize-enterprise-connectivity/ 

227. Amazon Leo mission updates: Amazon adds 27 satellites to constellation with seventh successful mission, https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/innovation-at-amazon/project-kuiper-satellite-rocket-launch-progress-updates 

228. Amazon Leo - Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Leo , https://www.fierce-network.com/broadband/amazon-leo-ramps-aggressive-launch-schedule-commercial-service-nears 

229. https://www.fierce-network.com/wireless/amazon-leo-jolted-after-rocket-blast 

230. Looking ahead: Here comes Amazon 'Leo' - Light Reading, https://www.lightreading.com/satellite/looking-ahead-here-comes-amazon-leo- 

231. Here's how Project Kuiper's satellite network can help telecom partners like Vodafone and Vodacom enhance reliability and extend reach - About Amazon, https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/innovation-at-amazon/how-kuiper-extends-cell-and-internet-service 

232. About carrier-provided satellite features on iPhone - Apple Support, https://support.apple.com/en-us/122339 

233. https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/company-news/amazon-globalstar-apple

234. NTN's New Power Player: Is China Aiming to Take the Lead in Space-Based Connectivity?, https://interactive.satellitetoday.com/via/september-2025/ntns-new-power-player-is-china-aiming-to-take-the-lead-in-space-based-connectivity 

235. Surge in static fires as China's space sector gains momentum - NASASpaceFlight.com, https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2025/10/china-roundup-202510/ 

236. https://spacenews.com/china-conducts-pair-of-long-march-launches-for-thousand-sails-and-guowang-megaconstellations/

237. https://keeptrack.space/deep-dive/guowang-digui-05 

238. China in the Race to Low Earth Orbit: Perspectives on the future internet constellation Guowang - Ifri, https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/migrated_files/documents/atoms/files/julienne_china-orbit-guowang_april2023.pdf 

239. China's LEO Megaconstellations: Closing the Gap in the Global Space Race - Frank Rayal, https://frankrayal.com/2025/05/19/chinas-leo-megaconstellations-closing-the-gap-in-the-global-space-race/ 

240. China's new mega-constellation marks milestone in satellite internet, https://english.www.gov.cn/news/202408/09/content_WS66b55ad9c6d0868f4e8e9cf8.html 

241. https://spacenews.com/china-conducts-pair-of-long-march-launches-for-thousand-sails-and-guowang-megaconstellations/ 

242. https://satnews.com/2026/03/21/china-satellite-investment-soars-as-spacex-sparks-race-for-space/ 

243. China's Growing Constellations, Ambitions and the Future of Satellite Broadband - Connectivity Technology Blog, https://www.connectivity.technology/2025/11/chinas-growing-constellations-ambitions.html 

244. Two New Chinese Internet Service Constellations and Their Market - CircleID, https://circleid.com/posts/20240605-two-new-chinese-internet-service-constellations-and-their-market 

245. Tiantong-1 and satphone security: part 1 - Midnight Blue, https://www.midnightblue.nl/blog/tiantong-1-and-satphone-security-part-1 

246. The satellite communication feature of the Huawei Mate60PRO is based on the Tiantong-1 ... - YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SatFpPI1Tl4 

247. Huawei Mate 60 Pro is the world's first satellite calling phone - HUAWEI Community, https://consumer.huawei.com/za/community/details/topicId-280286/ 

248. 5. Satellite communication constellations | Epthinktank | European Parliament, https://epthinktank.eu/2025/09/30/satellites-state-of-play-and-challenges-for-the-eu/satellite-communication-constellations/ 

249. IRIS² - Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRIS%C2%B2 

250. 36. IRIS2 - techneconomyblog, https://techneconomyblog.com/tag/iris2/ 

251. Deutsche Telekom strengthens Europe's connectivity: Participation in the IRIS² satellite project, https://www.telekom.com/en/media/media-information/archive/telekom-backs-eu-satellite-project-iris2-1093312 

252. https://www.lightreading.com/satellite/eu-risks-us-ire-with-limits-on-2ghz-satellite-spectrum 

253. Sfera (satellite constellation) - Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sfera_(satellite_constellation) 

254. Russia wants 2,600 satellites in orbit by 2036. Is this realistic? - Defense News, https://www.defensenews.com/space/2024/07/08/russia-wants-2600-satellites-in-orbit-by-2036-is-this-realistic/ 

255. Russia moves launch of first Express-RV satellite from 2025 to 2026 - Interfax, https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/106266/ 

256. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_crisis

257. Tehran warns Iranians: Don't install Elon Musk's Starlink internet - The Jerusalem Post, https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/iran-news/article-858635 

258. Iran sees surge in Starlink access despite official ban, https://www.iranintl.com/en/202508039520 

259. China Researches Ways to Disrupt Satellite Internet - Dark Reading, https://www.darkreading.com/cyberattacks-data-breaches/china-researches-ways-disrupt-satellite-internet 

260. China Issues First Penalty for Starlink Use in Territorial Waters - gCaptain, https://gcaptain.com/china-issues-first-penalty-for-starlink-use-in-territorial-waters/ 

261. Standardising the splinternet: how China's technical standards could fragment the internet, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23738871.2020.1805482 

262. 58. Globalstar Explores Sale to SpaceX Amid Apple Satellite Partnership - AppleMagazine, https://applemagazine.com/globalstar-spacex-acquisition-apple-satellite/ 

263. Telstra Annual Report 2024, https://www.telstra.com.au/content/dam/tcom/about-us/investors/pdf-g/telstra-annual-report-2024.pdf 

264. Nations reports 2024 - Ofcom, https://www.ofcom.org.uk/phones-and-broadband/coverage-and-speeds/connected-nations-2024/nation-reports-2024 

265. GSMA Contribution - ITU, https://www.itu.int/en/Lists/consultationSep2020/Attachments/9/GSMA%20Contribution%20to%20CWG-Internet%20-%2013.08.2020.pdf 

266. Unlocking Rural Mobile Coverage - PTA, https://www.pta.gov.pk/assets/media/Session_1_Introduction_the_mobile_broadband_coverage_gap_301219.pdf 

267. Overcoming Barriers to Providing Mobile Coverage Everywhere - Intelsat, https://www.intelsat.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/intelsat-mobile-coverage-whitepaper.pdf 

268. GSMA Connected Society Innovation Fund Announces Winners, https://www.gsma.com/newsroom/press-release/gsma-connected-society-innovation-fund-announces-winners/ 

269. Plans refused for 35m phone mast at Ennerdale Valley in Lake District - News & Star, https://www.newsandstar.co.uk/news/24026157.plans-refused-35m-phone-mast-ennerdale-valley-lake-district/ 

270. Update on Shared Rural Network total not-spots project - GOV.UK, https://www.gov.uk/guidance/update-on-shared-rural-network-total-not-spots-project 

271. Cell Towers - Adirondack Park Agency - NY.Gov, https://apa.ny.gov/permitting/topic/cell-towers.html 

272. FCC backs scenic vistas - Adirondacks advocates praise federal stance on new cell towers, https://archive.adirondackcouncil.org/news/fcc-backs-scenic-vistas----adirondacks-advocates-praise-federal-stance-on-new-cell-towers-540.html 

273. Lake Tahoe Cell Tower Lawsuit Launched, https://insidetowers.com/cell-tower-news-lake-tahoe-cell-tower-lawsuit-launched/ 

274. https://airwaveadvisors.com/blog/are-5g-cell-towers-dangerous/ 

275. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/10/technology/coronavirus-5g-uk.html 

276. https://www.ofcom.org.uk/phones-and-broadband/coverage-and-speeds/connected-nations-20252 

277. Connected Nations update: Spring 2024 - Ofcom, https://www.ofcom.org.uk/phones-and-broadband/coverage-and-speeds/connected-nations-update-spring-2024 

278. FCC graph shows where AT&T, T-Mobile, and Verizon stand - PhoneArena, https://www.phonearena.com/news/fcc-updates-4g-5g-coverage-map-att-t-mobile-verizon_id176403 

279. Broadband - USDA, https://www.usda.gov/sustainability/infrastructure/broadband 

280. Compare Canadian Mobile Network Coverage, https://www.comparecellular.ca/coverage-maps/ 

281. Canada, February 2024, Mobile Network Experience Report | Opensignal, https://insights.opensignal.com/reports/2024/02/canada/mobile-network-experience 

282. What's next for Australia's best, largest and most reliable mobile network - Telstra, https://www.telstra.com.au/exchange/what-s-next-for-australia-s-best--largest-and-most-reliable-mobi 

283. News – Shared Rural Network, https://srn.org.uk/news/ 

284. Award of Funding under the Mobile Black Spot Program | Australian National Audit Office (ANAO), https://www.anao.gov.au/work/performance-audit/award-funding-under-the-mobile-black-spot-program 

285. Mobile coverage obligations - Ofcom, https://www.ofcom.org.uk/phones-and-broadband/coverage-and-speeds/cellular-coverage 

286. https://www.fcc.gov/sites/default/files/t-mobile-us-sprint-letter-05202019.pdf 

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288. https://broadbandmap.fcc.gov/provider-detail/mobile 

289. Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN) - 3GPP, https://www.3gpp.org/technologies/ntn-overview 

290. NTN & Satellite in Rel-17 & 18 - 3GPP, https://www.3gpp.org/news-events/partner-news/ntn-rel17 

291. DRAFT R1-200XXXX- AI_8_15_1-Summary_1 IoT NTN Scenarios_v016_Ligado_Ericsson.docx - 3GPP, https://www.3gpp.org/ftp/tsg_ran/WG1_RL1/TSGR1_103-e/Inbox/drafts/8.15.1/Phase%201/DRAFT%20R1-200XXXX-%20AI_8_15_1-Summary_1%20IoT%20NTN%20Scenarios_v016_Ligado_Ericsson.docx 

292. 5G Non-Terrestrial Networks in 3GPP Rel-19 - Ericsson, https://www.ericsson.com/en/blog/2024/10/ntn-payload-architecture 

293. RAN1, 5G-Advanced and Rel-18 Completion - 3GPP, https://www.3gpp.org/technologies/ran1-rel18 

294. Toward 5G Advanced: overview of 3GPP releases 17 & 18 - Ericsson, https://www.ericsson.com/en/reports-and-papers/ericsson-technology-review/articles/5g-evolution-toward-5g-advanced 

295. New Developments and Advances in 5G and Non-terrestrial Networks 1, https://www.5gamericas.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/WP_New-Developments-and-Advances-in-5G-and-NTN-.pdf 

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297. Satellite communication benchmarking with terrestrial 5G networks - Nokia, https://www.nokia.com/asset/i/215031/ 

298. R1-20xxxxx - FL summary on enhancements on UL time and frequency synchronization_V012_SPRD_Samsung_CATT.docx - 3GPP, https://www.3gpp.org/ftp/tsg_ran/WG1_RL1/TSGR1_103-e/Inbox/drafts/8.4.2/R1-20xxxxx%20-%20FL%20summary%20on%20enhancements%20on%20UL%20time%20and%20frequency%20synchronization_V012_SPRD_Samsung_CATT.docx 

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300. Using 3GPP technology for satellite communication - Ericsson, https://www.ericsson.com/en/reports-and-papers/ericsson-technology-review/articles/3gpp-satellite-communication 

1. T-Mobile and Starlink Satellite Service to Officially Launch July 23 - Broadband Breakfast, https://broadbandbreakfast.com/t-mobile-and-starlink-satellite-service-to-officially-launch-july-23/ 

2. Skylo Partners With Syniverse to Implement SMS Over Satellite for Verizon - Newsroom, https://www.skylo.tech/newsroom/skylo-partners-with-syniverse-to-implement-sms-over-satellite-for-verizon 

3. Satellite Direct-to-Device Services are Not Replacements for Terrestrial Networks, https://wia.org/satellite-direct-to-device-services-are-not-replacements-for-terrestrial-networks/ 

4. https://ast-science.com/resources/images/

5. AST SpaceMobile, Inc. (ASTS) PESTLE Analysis - DCFmodeling.com, https://dcfmodeling.com/products/asts-pestel-analysis 

6. https://fcc.report/IBFS/SAT-PDR-20200413-00034/2257215.pdf 

7. https://www.fool.com/earnings/call-transcripts/2026/03/02/ast-spacemobile-asts-q4-2025-earnings-transcript/

8. https://www.otcmarkets.com/stock/ASTS/news/AST-SpaceMobile-Provides-Business-Update-and-First-Quarter-2026-Results 

9. https://www.otcmarkets.com/stock/ASTS/news/AST-SpaceMobile-Provides-Business-Update-and-First-Quarter-2026-Results

10. Why Starlink's cellular V2 satellites have a weight problem - YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/shorts/-RkiCgIuP40 

11. Starlink - Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starlink 

12. Eurospace: In 2022, Nearly 1,000 Metric Tons of Hardware Was Placed Into Orbit. Half Was Starlink - Kratos Space, https://www.kratosspace.com/constellations/articles/eurospace-in-2022-nearly-1000-metric-tons-of-hardware-was-placed-into-orbit-half-was-starlink 

13. https://marketwise.com/investing/what-is-amazons-project-leo-and-how-to-profit-from-it/ 

14. EX-99.2 - SEC.gov, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1838162/000119312524023614/d762554dex992.htm 

15. 9. MDA Space gets $1.1B contract from Globalstar - SpaceQ Media Inc., https://spaceq.ca/mda-space-gets-1-1b-contract-from-globalstar/

16. Apple and Globalstar Partner on New Satellite Constellation | BusinessCom Networks, https://www.bcsatellite.net/blog/apple-and-globalstar-partner-on-new-satellite-constellation/ 

17. SpaceX unveils first batch of larger upgraded Starlink satellites - Spaceflight Now, https://spaceflightnow.com/2023/02/26/spacex-unveils-first-batch-of-larger-upgraded-starlink-satellites/ 

18. https://marketwise.com/investing/what-is-amazons-project-leo-and-how-to-profit-from-it 

19. First order estimate of Starlink satellites' viability, based on most recent numbers found., https://www.reddit.com/r/Starlink/comments/1c0nand/first_order_estimate_of_starlink_satellites/ 

20. LEO Download Capacity Analysis for a Network of Adaptive Array Ground Stations, https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20050210122/downloads/20050210122.pdf 

21. Reduce AWS Ground Station costs - ElasticScale, https://elasticscale.com/reduce-aws-ground-station-costs/ 

22. https://www.analysysmason.com/contentassets/fe62324d72a84464b8542e88e0fff4c7/analysys_mason_remote_satellite_viability_apr2024_nsi039.pdf 

23. AST SpaceMobile: Transforming How the World Connects | Hennessy Funds, https://www.hennessyfunds.com/insights/company-spotlight-focus-fund-ast-space-mobile 

24. REGULATORY FEES FACT SHEET - Federal Communications Commission, https://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/DOC-414320A1.pdf 

25. FCC Adopts Changes to Space & Earth Station Regulatory Fees for FY2025, https://www.fcc.gov/document/fcc-adopts-changes-space-earth-station-regulatory-fees-fy2025 

26. Guidelines for the review of spectrum pricing methodologies and the preparation of spectrum fee schedules - ITU, https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Spectrum-Broadcasting/Documents/Publications/Guidelines_SpectrumFees_Final_E.pdf 

27. Starlink - Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starlink 

28. https://www.fool.com/investing/2026/02/01/3-things-to-know-before-the-2026-spacex-ipo/

29. MDA Space gets $1.1B contract from Globalstar - SpaceQ Media Inc., https://spaceq.ca/mda-space-gets-1-1b-contract-from-globalstar/ 

30. Satellite direct-to-device technology needs to evolve through four phases before reaching its full potential - Analysys Mason, https://www.analysysmason.com/research/content/articles/satellite-d2d-phases-nsi039/ 

31. Bullitt Group Goes into Liquidation; Creditors Left Empty-Handed - Administration List, https://administrationlist.co.uk/insights/bullitt-group-liquidation 

32. Globalstar: The Next Big Satellite Winner After Deal With Apple? - Barchart.com, https://www.barchart.com/story/news/29527374/globalstar-the-next-big-satellite-winner-after-deal-with-apple 

33. Apple extends Emergency SOS via satellite for an additional free year, https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2023/11/apple-extends-emergency-sos-via-satellite-for-an-additional-free-year/ 

34. Direct-to-Cell Pricing Revealed, Market Impact: Analysis - Payload Space, https://payloadspace.com/direct-to-cell-pricing-revealed-market-impact-analysis/ 

35. https://www.t-mobile.com/coverage/satellite-phone-service 

36. T‑Mobile Starlink Beta Takes Off, https://www.t-mobile.com/news/network/t-mobile-starlink-beta-open-for-all-carriers 

37. AT&T firmly backs AST SpaceMobile - Advanced Television, https://www.advanced-television.com/2024/06/27/att-firmly-backs-ast-spacemobile/ 

38. Is AT&T International Day Pass ever worth it? - Nomad eSIM, https://www.getnomad.app/blog/att-international-day-pass-worth-it 

39. https://astsinvestors.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/9.3.24-Deutsche-Bank.pdf 

40. Make Use Of: Bullitt Group Unveils Its New Cheaper Option for Satellite and SOS Messaging, https://www.skylo.tech/newsroom/bullitt-group-unveils-its-new-cheaper-option-for-satellite-and-sos-messaging 

41. Update: Motorola defy satellite link will continue to work : r/Ultralight - Reddit, https://www.reddit.com/r/Ultralight/comments/1bwlarz/update_motorola_defy_satellite_link_will_continue/ 

42. Bullitt Group hits the skids - Mobile World Live, https://www.mobileworldlive.com/devices/bullitt-group-hits-skids-with-restructure/ 

43. Garmin announces first quarter 2025 results, https://www.garmin.com/en-US/newsroom/press-release/corporate/garmin-announces-first-quarter-2025-results/ 

44. The Great Connectivity Convergence: NTN in Consumer Mobile | Viasat, https://www.viasat.com/perspectives/enterprise/2025/ntn-consumer-mobile/ 

45. Half of Customers Say They Would Switch Telco Providers for Satellite Services as Demand Rises - Report | Viasat, https://www.viasat.com/news/latest-news/enterprise/2025/customers-would-switch-telco-providers-satellite-services/ 

46. Users won't pay much extra for satellite phone capability - The Register, https://www.theregister.com/2024/10/02/sat_phone_user_pay/ 

47. FirstNet Authority, AT&T Invest 10-year $8B In Public Safety Network, https://www.firstnet.com/community/news/att-10-year-investment-transform-public-safety-broadband-network.html 

48. FirstNet Envisions Satellite Connectivity Trials Later This Year - AT&T Newsroom, https://about.att.com/story/2025/firstnet-satellite-connectivity.html 

49. AWARD - Proliferated Low Earth Orbit (PLEO) Satellite-Based Services (SBS) - SAM.gov, https://sam.gov/opp/af018698dfa64f97b2875e4d64d2632d/view 

50. Lynk scores deal with feds - Light Reading, https://www.lightreading.com/satellite/lynk-scores-deal-with-feds 

51. Direct-to-Cell Pricing Revealed, Market Impact: Analysis - Payload : r/ASTSpaceMobile, https://www.reddit.com/r/ASTSpaceMobile/comments/1io27al/directtocell_pricing_revealed_market_impact/ 

52. Starlink - Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starlink 

53. https://www.pcmag.com/news/spacex-makes-starlink-mobile-official-not-competing-with-carriers-mwc-2026 

54. AT&T, AST SpaceMobile Announce Commercial Agreement, https://about.att.com/story/2024/ast-spacemobile-commercial-agreement.html 

55. Postpay Broadband Plans - Help & Support - Vodafone Cook Islands, https://help.vodafone.co.ck/article/411-broadband-plans

56. Satellite 2.0: going direct to device - GSMA Intelligence, https://gsmaintelligence.com/research/research-file-download?id=69042417&file=220322-Satellite-2.0-going-direct-to-device.pdf 

57. Satellite 2.0: going direct to device | GSMA Intelligence, https://www.gsmaintelligence.com/research/satellite-2-0-going-direct-to-device 

58. Globally connected: tariffs for satellite connectivity in the Internet of Things (IoT) - Newsroom, https://www.skylo.tech/newsroom/globally-connected-tariffs-for-satellite-connectivity-in-the-internet-of-things-iot 

59. Mobile communications via satellite: o2 Business launches first tariff for satellite IoT - Newsroom - Skylo, https://www.skylo.tech/newsroom/mobile-communications-via-satellite-o2-business-launches-first-tariff-for-satellite-iot 

60. Direct-to-Device IoT Connections Reach 30 Million in 2030 - Kaleido Intelligence, https://kaleidointelligence.com/direct-to-device-iot-connections-reach-30-million-in-2030/ 

61. Direct-to-Device Satellite Services Drive the Next Wave of Global Connectivity - Novaspace, https://nova.space/press-release/direct-to-device-satellite-services-drive-the-next-wave-of-global-connectivity/ 

62. Direct-to-Device (D2D) Market Revenue Trends and Growth Drivers | MarketsandMarkets, https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/satellite-direct-to-device-d2d-market-176759878.html 

63. Lessons from the Qualcomm/Iridium failed deal for satellite D2D - Analysys Mason, https://www.analysysmason.com/research/content/articles/d2d-qualcomm-iridium-nsi039/ 

64. 50. MNOs and OEMs need to adopt satellite D2D now - Analysys Mason, https://www.analysysmason.com/contentassets/0073eb3b7b00483e95dfbf2331707371/analysys_mason_mnos_oems_satellite_d2d_jun2025_nsi139.pdf 

65. Cover - SEC.gov, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1366868/000136686824000069/Financial_Report.xlsx 

66. https://seekingalpha.com/article/4872047-globalstar-this-price-level-has-no-margin-of-safety

67. ibid

68. Globalstar expands services with Apple in $1.1 billion deal - Investing.com, https://www.investing.com/news/company-news/globalstar-expands-services-with-apple-in-11-billion-deal-93CH-3697817 

69. Satellite Smartphone Services Forecast to Generate Revenue of $18 Billion by 2027, https://www.ccsinsight.com/company-news/satellite-smartphone-services-forecast-to-generate-revenue-of-18-billion-by-2027/ 

70. Media Influence on Telecom Purchases - IAB, https://www.iab.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Digital-Influence-on-Telecom-Purchases.pdf 

71. Apple's emergency satellite service is free for another year — here's how to use it, https://thepointsguy.com/news/apple-iphone-emergency-sos-via-satellite/ 

72. Forget Emergency SOS: Apple's real satellite plan is much bigger than that - PhoneArena, https://www.phonearena.com/news/Forget-Emergency-SOS-Apples-real-satellite-plan-is-much-bigger-than-that_id175573 

73. D2D satellite direct to device - One small step for now, but a lot more to play for - IDC, https://www.idc.com/resource-center/blog/d2d-satellite-direct-to-device-one-small-step-for-now-but-a-lot-more-to-play-for/ 

74. What is Satellite Phone Service and Why it Matters - Spectrum, https://www.spectrum.com/resources/mobile/what-is-satellite-phone-service 

75. SpaceX and T-Mobile focus on direct satellite-to-smartphone to improve mobile coverage in remote areas - Analysys Mason, https://www.analysysmason.com/contentassets/d8d18fb0ac374c94b37e7d4424f50000/analysys_mason_spacex_tmobile_satellites_aug2022_rma18.pdf 

76. SpaceX revenue, valuation & funding | Sacra, https://sacra.com/c/spacex/ 

77. T-Mobile US, Starlink close in on commercial D2D launch, https://www.mobileworldlive.com/t-mobile-us/t-mobile-us-starlink-close-in-on-commercial-d2d-launch/ 

78. There's Growing Interest in T-Mobile's Starlink Satellite Service | Ookla®, https://www.ookla.com/articles/att-users-show-interest-in-t-mobiles-starlink-satellite-service 

79. Half of Customers Say They Would Switch Telco Providers for Satellite Services as Demand Rises - Report, https://investors.viasat.com/news-releases/news-release-details/half-customers-say-they-would-switch-telco-providers-satellite 

80. T-Mobile US Satellite Strategy Boosts Growth and Market Position - Monexa AI, https://www.monexa.ai/blog/t-mobile-us-satellite-strategy-drives-growth-and-c-TMUS-2025-07-03 

81. https://www.telekom.com/en/media/media-information/archive/telekom-and-starlink-satellite-to-mobile-for-europe-1103000

82. https://www.fierce-network.com/wireless/t-mobile-ceo-draws-hard-no-spacex-mvno, https://www.lightreading.com/satellite/starlink-d2d-use-is-less-than-expected-says-t-mobile 

83. https://www.sdxcentral.com/news/att-t-mobile-us-verizon-eye-satellite-focused-spectrum-pooling-jv/

84. LYNK Predicts 400B Annual Revenue in This Field : r/ASTSpaceMobile - Reddit, https://www.reddit.com/r/ASTSpaceMobile/comments/sgoo7w/lynk_predicts_400b_annual_revenue_in_this_field/ 

85. Black spots, satellites and Elon: new technology could fill Australia's mobile gaps – but can it be relied on? - The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2025/mar/02/universal-outdoor-mobile-obligation-coverage-satellite-technology-elon-musk-starlink 

86. A new frontier of connectivity: Regulating direct–to–device services in Australia - Bird & Bird, https://www.twobirds.com/en/insights/2025/australia/a-new-frontier-of-connectivity-regulating-directtodevice-services-in-australia 

87. UK Government opens call to fund satellite connectivity in remote areas - techUK, https://www.techuk.org/resource/uk-government-opens-call-to-fund-satellite-connectivity-in-remote-areas.html 

88. A Year Early - £1bn SRN Project Delivers 95 Percent UK Cover of 4G Mobile - ISPreview, https://www.ispreview.co.uk/index.php/2025/06/a-year-early-1bn-srn-project-delivers-95-percent-uk-cover-of-4g-mobile.html 

89. Government of Canada publishes framework to expand wireless services via satellites, https://www.canada.ca/en/innovation-science-economic-development/news/2025/02/government-of-canada-publishes-framework-to-expand-wireless-services-via-satellites.html 

90. Telecom Decision CRTC 2025-295, https://crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2025/2025-295.htm 

91. The Universal Service Fund and Related FCC Broadband Programs: Overview and Considerations for Congress, https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R47621 

92. THE GREAT CONVERGENCE AND THE FUTURE OF SATELLITE-ENABLED DIRECT-TO-DEVICE, https://csps.aerospace.org/sites/default/files/2023-09/Jones-Allison_GreatConvergence_20230919.pdf 

93. TMT Predictions 2026: The AI gap narrows but persists - Deloitte, https://www.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/industry/technology/technology-media-and-telecom-predictions.html 

94. Starlink passes 9 million active customers just weeks after hitting 8 million - Teslarati, https://www.teslarati.com/starlink-passes-9-million-active-customers-just-weeks-after-hitting-8-million/ 

95. Starlink doubles subscriber base; expands to 42 new countries, territories & markets, https://techblog.comsoc.org/2025/12/30/starlink-doubles-subscriber-base-expands-to-to-42-new-countries-territories-other-markets/ 

96. FCC boss starts bringing up Musk's Starlink dominance, antitrust concerns - The Register, https://www.theregister.com/2024/09/12/starlink_satellite_dominance_fcc/ 

97. https://spacenews.com/spacex-files-plans-for-million-satellite-orbital-data-center-constellation/ 

98. https://www.reddit.com/r/SpaceXLounge/comments/1puofrp/starlink_growth_accelerated_significantly_in_the/

99. Oligopoly competition between satellite constellations will reduce economic welfare from orbit use - PMC - NIH, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10614827/ 

100. Amazon launches first Kuiper internet satellites, taking on Starlink - Reddit, https://www.reddit.com/r/Starlink/comments/1kade7l/amazon_launches_first_kuiper_internet_satellites/ 

101. The Race for Satellite Connectivity: T-Mobile vs. AST SpaceMobile - Oreate AI Blog, https://www.oreateai.com/blog/the-race-for-satellite-connectivity-tmobile-vs-ast-spacemobile/5dd977b9fb3426c8baa6f929bae16931 

102. Starlink Business | Direct To Cell, https://starlink.com/business/direct-to-cell 

103. AST SpaceMobile Secures Strategic Investment From AT&T, Google and Vodafone - SEC.gov, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1780312/000149315224002914/ex99-1.htm 

104. https://companiesmarketcap.com/ast-spacemobile/marketcap/

105. AST SpaceMobile: Transforming How the World Connects | Hennessy Funds, https://www.hennessyfunds.com/insights/company-spotlight-focus-fund-ast-space-mobile 

106. https://www.fierce-network.com/wireless/ligado-and-ast-spacemobile-embark-whole-new-orbit 

107. AST SpaceMobile Secures Strategic Investment From AT&T, Google and Vodafone, https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20240118463570/en/AST-SpaceMobile-Secures-Strategic-Investment-From-ATT-Google-and-Vodafone 

108. Amazon Quietly Pivots Satellite Strategy from Rural to Enterprise | The Tech Buzz, https://www.techbuzz.ai/articles/amazon-quietly-pivots-satellite-strategy-from-rural-to-enterprise 

109. AWS and Project Kuiper to support the US military's Hybrid Space Architecture project, https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/publicsector/aws-project-kuiper-support-us-militarys-hybrid-space-architecture-project/ 

110. Amazon Leo Takes on Starlink with 1Gbps Satellite Broadband - WebProNews, https://www.webpronews.com/amazon-leo-takes-on-starlink-with-1gbps-satellite-broadband/ 

111. https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/amazon-leo/amazon-leo-satellite-internet-ultra-pro

112. Amazon Leo - Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Leo 

113. Amazon's Project Kuiper 'Exploring Options' for Cellular Satellite Service | PCMag, https://www.pcmag.com/news/amazons-project-kuiper-exploring-options-for-cellular-satellite-service 

114. FCC Advances Its Space and Satellite Agenda, https://www.pillsburylaw.com/en/news-and-insights/fcc-space-satellite.html 

115. Federal Communications Commission DA 25-197, https://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/DA-25-197A1.pdf 

116. May 23, 2024 BY ELECTRONIC FILING Marlene H. Dortch Secretary Federal Communications Commission 45 L Street, N.E. Washington, DC, https://apps.fcc.gov/els/GetAtt.html?id=350570&x=. 

117. FCC's New Satellite Rules: Sharing Is Caring - Truth on the Market, https://truthonthemarket.com/2024/11/18/fccs-new-satellite-rules-sharing-is-caring/ 

118. Chapter II. The Final Economic Frontier: Satellite Competition in Low Earth Orbit, https://www.newamerica.org/oti/wireless-future-project/reports/leo-satellites/chapter-ii-the-final-economic-frontier-satellite-competition-in-low-earth-orbit/ 

119. Satellite Operators to Capture Just 4% of $20 Billion BEAD Broadband Funds - SatNews, https://news.satnews.com/2025/12/05/satellite-operators-to-capture-just-4-of-20-billion-bead-broadband-funds/ 

120. Satellite digital connectivity | Shaping Europe's digital future - European Union, https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/satellite-digital-connectivity 

121. 34. Eutelsat: High-performance multi-orbit satellite communications operator, https://www.eutelsat.com/ 

122. Momentum to partner with Eutelsat and OneWeb to provide connectivity solutions for the oil & gas industry - TeckNexus, https://tecknexus.com/5gnews-all/momentum-to-partner-with-eutelsat-and-oneweb-to-provide-connectivity-solutions-for-the-oil-gas-industry/ 

123. Direct-to-Device satellite connectivity, https://www.wiggin.co.uk/app/uploads/2025/04/Direct-to-device-satellite-connectivity-outlook-for-20255610688.3.pdf 

124. China's Growing Constellations, Ambitions and the Future of Satellite Broadband - Connectivity Technology Blog, https://www.connectivity.technology/2025/11/chinas-growing-constellations-ambitions.html 

125. Move over, Starlink, there's a new satellite-to-cell service in town - New Atlas, https://newatlas.com/technology/tiantong-satellite-direct-to-cell/ 

126. China targeting Musk's Starlink with low-orbit satellite drive - Asia Times, https://asiatimes.com/2025/09/china-targeting-musks-starlink-with-low-orbit-satellite-drive/ 

127. AST SpaceMobile and Starlink May Prove Friend, Not Foe, to These Wireless Stocks, https://www.moomoo.com/news/post/61913520/ast-spacemobile-and-starlink-may-prove-friend-not-foe-to 

128. Interview ATT's CEO on Bloomberg: Why AST and not Starlink? : r/ASTSpaceMobile - Reddit, https://www.reddit.com/r/ASTSpaceMobile/comments/1czndti/interview_atts_ceo_on_bloomberg_why_ast_and_not/ 

129. Direct-to-Device (D2D) Industry worth $2.64 billion by 2030 - MarketsandMarkets, https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/PressReleases/satellite-direct-to-device-d2d.asp 

130. Satellite direct-to-device technology needs to evolve through four phases before reaching its full potential - Analysys Mason, https://www.analysysmason.com/research/content/articles/satellite-d2d-phases-nsi039/ 

131. By 2027, Starlink's multi-regional approach could generate $16B annual revenues - Dataxis, https://dataxis.com/researches-highlights/1056069/by-2027-starlinks-multi-regional-approach-could-generate-16b-annual-revenues/

132. https://marketwise.com/investing/what-is-amazons-project-leo-and-how-to-profit-from-it

133. AST SpaceMobile Q2 2025 slides: nationwide service launch nears ..., https://uk.investing.com/news/company-news/ast-spacemobile-q2-2025-slides-nationwide-service-launch-nears-as-capital-spending-surges-93CH-4213763

134. The A&D Minute: Mapping the future of direct-to-device | AlixPartners, https://www.alixpartners.com/insights/102ls36/the-ad-minute-mapping-the-future-of-direct-to-device/ 

135. Iridium - The 10 Biggest Tech Failures of the Last Decade - TIME, https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1898610_1898625_1898640,00.html 

136. GOOD TECHNOLOGY, BAD MANAGEMENT: A CASE STUDY OF THE SATELLITE PHONE INDUSTRY, https://jitm.ubalt.edu/XVI-2/article5.pdf?cmpid=newscred 

137. https://matrixbcg.com/blogs/brief-history/globalstar

138. Catphone manufacturer goes bankrupt, all employees laid off - Digitec, https://www.digitec.ch/en/page/catphone-manufacturer-goes-bankrupt-all-employees-laid-off-31530 

139. Signals from space: Direct-to-device satellite phone connectivity boosts coverage - Deloitte, https://www.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/industry/technology/technology-media-and-telecom-predictions/2024/future-of-global-satellite-direct-to-device-communications.html 

140. MVNO vs. MNO: 6 Key Differences and How to Choose | floLIVE, https://flolive.net/blog/glossary/mvno-vs-mno-6-key-differences-and-how-to-choose/ 

141. Lynk reveals its direct-to-cell financial projections - Urgent Communications, https://urgentcomm.com/coverage-interference/lynk-reveals-its-direct-to-cell-financial-projections 

142. Starlink Business | Direct To Cell, https://starlink.com/business/direct-to-cell 

143. Satellite Direct-to-Device Services are Not Replacements for Terrestrial Networks, https://wia.org/satellite-direct-to-device-services-are-not-replacements-for-terrestrial-networks/ 

144. Spectrum Challenges for Emerging Direct-to-Device Satellite Services - SatNow, https://www.satnow.com/news/details/2797-spectrum-challenges-for-emerging-direct-to-device-satellite-services 

145. https://ir.echostar.com/news-releases/news-release-details/echostar-announces-spectrum-sale-and-commercial-agreement-spacex

146. https://www.pcmag.com/news/ast-spacemobile-acquires-radio-spectrum-for-cellular-satellite-service

147. 425 - SEC.gov, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1838162/000119312524024703/d43172d425.htm 

148. AT&T and AST SpaceMobile ink direct-to-device satellite deal | Total Telecom, https://totaltele.com/att-and-ast-spacemobile-ink-direct-to-device-satellite-deal/ 

149. Apple takes 20% stake in Globalstar with $1.5bn satellite investment to boost iPhone connectivity - Capacity, https://capacityglobal.com/news/apple-globalstar/ 

150. T‑Mobile Takes Coverage Above and Beyond With SpaceX, https://www.t-mobile.com/news/un-carrier/t-mobile-takes-coverage-above-and-beyond-with-spacex 

151. SpaceX Prepares to Comply With 'Lawful Intercepts' for Cellular Starlink System | PCMag, https://www.pcmag.com/news/spacex-prepares-to-comply-with-lawful-intercepts-for-cellular-starlink 

152. The End of Wireless Dead Zones? Starlink Texting Now Available on AT&T, T-Mobile and Verizon Phones - CNET, https://www.cnet.com/tech/mobile/the-end-of-wireless-dead-zones-starlink-texting-now-available-on-att-t-mobile-and-verizon-phones/ 

153. Direct-to-Device (D2D) Industry worth $2.64 billion by 2030 - MarketsandMarkets, https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/PressReleases/satellite-direct-to-device-d2d.asp 

154. EENA Publishes First Report on Direct-to-Device Emergency Communications in Europe, https://eena.org/knowledge-hub/press-releases/eena-publishes-first-report-on-direct-to-device-emergency-communications-in-europe/ 

155. Satellite 2.0: going direct to device - GSMA Intelligence, https://www.gsmaintelligence.com/research/satellite-2-0-going-direct-to-device 

156. Starlink on hold until national security concerns are addressed - Breaking News, https://www.dailymirror.lk/breaking-news/Starlink-on-hold-until-national-security-concerns-are-addressed/108-305004 

157. Satellite 2.0: going direct to device - GSMA Intelligence, https://gsmaintelligence.com/research/research-file-download?id=69042417&file=220322-Satellite-2.0-going-direct-to-device.pdf 

158. Satellite Internet Market Size, Trends, Share & Growth Drivers 2030 - Mordor Intelligence, https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/satellite-internet-market 

159. AT&T Satellite Solutions – Stay Connected, Everywhere, https://about.att.com/pages/satellite.html 

160. February 22, 2024 FCC FACT SHEET* Single Network Future: Supplemental Coverage from Space Report and Order and Further Notice of, https://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/DOC-400678A1.pdf 

161. Release 18 - 3GPP, https://www.3gpp.org/specifications-technologies/releases/release-18 

162. Warren, Casar Letter to DOJ and FCC on AT&T and SpaceX acquiring EchoStar spectrum, https://www.warren.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/warren_casar_letter_to_doj_and_fcc_on_att_and_spacex_acquiring_echostar_spectrum.pdf 

163. Mobile Network Operators - AST SpaceMobile, https://ast-science.com/company/mobile-network-operators/

164. Satellite Vendors as Connectivity Operators: Starlink Mobile, Skylo & NTN - Spenza, https://spenza.com/mvno/satellite-vendors-becoming-connectivity-operators/ 

165. Ready for launch: commercial and customer-facing considerations for UK direct-to-device satellite services | Osborne Clarke, https://www.osborneclarke.com/insights/ready-launch-commercial-and-customer-facing-considerations-uk-direct-device-satellite 

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14. https://www.amazon.com/End-Telecoms-History-William-Webb/dp/B0FLPM7HD4

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21. Starlink Business | Direct To Cell, https://starlink.com/business/direct-to-cell 

22. Satellite Direct-to-Device Services are Not Replacements for Terrestrial Networks, https://wia.org/satellite-direct-to-device-services-are-not-replacements-for-terrestrial-networks/ 

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25. Satellite communication benchmarking with terrestrial 5G networks - Nokia, https://www.nokia.com/asset/i/215031/ 

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27. LEO satellites and terrestrial networks: competitors or complements? - Aetha Consulting, https://www.aethaconsulting.com/leo-satellites-and-terrestrial-networks-competitors-or-complements/ 

28. ibid

29. Satellite Direct-to-Device Services are Not Replacements for Terrestrial Networks, https://wia.org/satellite-direct-to-device-services-are-not-replacements-for-terrestrial-networks/ 

30. Satellite communication benchmarking with terrestrial 5G networks - Nokia, https://www.nokia.com/asset/i/215031/ 

31. AST SpaceMobile Confirms 4G Capabilities to Everyday Smartphones Directly From Space, https://ast-science.com/ast-spacemobile-confirms-4g-capabilities-to-everyday-smartphones-directly-from-space/ 

32. https://arxiv.org/html/2506.00283v1 

33. https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2024/01/spacex-launches-starlink-direct-to-phone-satellites.html 

34. https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2023/12/spacex-starlink-orbital-capacity-and-usable-capacity.html 

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37. Will LEO Satellite Direct-to-Cell Networks make Terrestrial Networks Obsolete?, https://techneconomyblog.com/2025/01/20/will-leo-satellite-direct-to-cellular-networks-make-terrestrial-networks-obsolete/ 

38. Satellite isn't a better replacement for fiber – here's why - Fierce Network, https://www.fierce-network.com/broadband/satellite-isnt-better-replacement-fiber-heres-why 

39. ibid

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